Community Work Service for Adult Offenders

The focus is on Community work service as an alternative sentencing. Community work service allows the offender to contribute to the community. This type of work can be considered a win-win situation, because the offenders provide the service and the community benefits from their work. There are all kinds of work activities for offenders. The points that are going to be addressed are: community work service, probation officers, taxpayers, overcrowding and the benefits each party gains. It can be concluded that community work service is here to stay. Hence, it can be seen as a second chance to repair the damage done by making right out of wrong. Community service is when someone performs an action which benefits his or her community. However, community work service can be a form of alternative sentencing. The offender is ordered by a court or probation officer to perform community work service as part of a sanction. Through community service, offenders are offered the chance to â€Å"give back† to the community by providing a service that enriches the lives of others. The offenders are placed into unpaid community service positions with non-profit or tax supported community agencies† (Cook county, 2006). The probation officer carefully monitors the offender’s progress by checking with the agency, ensuring that the offenders is regularly reporting to complete the hours, as well as monitoring the offenders' attitude and quality of work. The probation officer is also responsible for reporting any negative incidents to the court in an effort the hold the offender accountable. Community service is a form of restorative justice, which involves victim, offender, and community. Criminal justice is asset of institutions and procedures for determining which people deserve to be sanctioned because of their wrongdoing and what kind of sanctions they deserve to receive† (Clear, 2003). Community work service allows sentences to more closely fit the circumstances of certain offences, and ensures that adult offenders are held accountable to the community for their actions. Hence, alternative sentencing is, applied to offenders whose absence of prior criminal history or general characteristics indicates that they can be trusted not to abuse their greater freedom. Community work service is punishment that takes away an offenders time and energy† (Schmalleger, 2009). Restorative justice is the concept that any crime, regardless of size or severity, hurts the community. Instead of merely paying a fine or spending time in jail, the offender is able to repair some of the damage done by participating in community service. â€Å"There is a need to understand who or what is being restored, including the core values of healing, moral learning, community participation, community caring, respectful dialogue, forgiveness, responsibility, apology, and making amends† (Sieh, 2006). The work assignment gives both the community and workers a chance to benefit from the experience. All offenders participating in the program are supervised by personnel at the sponsoring agency and by probation officers. â€Å"within the community justice frame work, the need to establish enduring partnerships with citizenry, other agencies, and local interest groups is critical to the success of probation† (Sieh, 2006). There are all kinds of work activities for offenders. Examples of work placements include: * Agencies offering services to senior citizens or the handicapped * Hospitals * Highway cleanup Parks maintenance * Skilled labor (carpentry) * Landscaping * Painting During probation, offenders must stay out of trouble and meet various other requirements. Probation officers, who are called community supervision officers in some States, supervise people who have been placed on probation. â€Å"Probation officers supervise offenders on probation or parole through personal contact with the offenders and their families† (Schmalleger, 2009). Instead of requiring offenders to meet officers in their offices, many officers meet offenders in their homes and at their places of employment or therapy. Some offenders are required to wear an electronic device so that probation officers can monitor their location and movements. â€Å"Probation supervision has three main elements: resource mediation, surveillance, and enforcement† (Schmalleger, 2009). Probation officers may arrange for offenders to get substance abuse rehabilitation or job training. Probation officers usually work with either adults or juveniles exclusively. Only in small, usually rural, jurisdictions do probation officers counsel both adults and juveniles. Probation officers must be ware that they will not always be effective in helping probationers, making it necessary to find outside resources for the probationer to succeed† (Sieh, 2006). Probation officers also spend much of their time working for the courts. They investigate the backgrounds of the accused, write presentence reports, and recommend sentences. They review sentencing recommendations with offenders and their families before submitting them to the court. Probation officers may be required to testify in court as to their findings and recommendations. They also attend hearings to update the court on offenders’ efforts at rehabilitation and compliance with the terms of their sentences. The number of cases a probation officer or correctional treatment specialist handles at one time depends on the needs of offenders and the risks they pose. Higher risk offenders and those who need more counseling usually command more of the officer’s time and resources. Caseload size also varies by agency jurisdiction. Consequently, â€Å"officers may handle from 20 to more than 100 active cases at a time† (Sieh, 2006). Probationers perceive probation officers as agents who will assist them, while, judges are viewed as agents whose main purpose is to punish offenders for wrongdoing† (Sieh, 2006). When an offender is placed on community supervision by the court, he/she signs a â€Å"contract† whereby he/she agrees to abide by certain conditions. These conditions usually include: * Report to the probation officer * Do not commit any new crime * Do not use alcohol and / or drugs or enter bars * Do not leave the County or State * Perform community work service Pay restitution, fine, court fees and probation fees if ordered * Permit the supervisor to visit him/her at the home or elsewhere By having the offender do community work service the offender will realize that not only do most crimes have a direct victim, but, the community is a victim as well. Having an offender provide services to the community rather than going to jail is beneficial to the tax payers. The tax payers don’t have to worry about another person going to prison where it might be overcrowded. Because overcrowded prisons have been a major problem in our society. In 2006, 8 of the nation’s 25 largest jails were operating at over 100 percent of their rated capacity† (Schmalleger, 2009). Having community work service as an alternative helps ease things down between the taxpayers and the justice system when it comes to the question, who has to pay to keep the offender in prison. Overcrowding puts prisoners at significant risk. People living in crowded conditions are more likely to get sick, stay sick, and pass diseases on to others. They are more likely to experience mental health problems, particularly stress-related mental illnesses. They are more likely to develop aggression and frustration. (Schmalleger, 2009). Being forced into crowded conditions with other prisoners results in riots, abuse, and assault. The prison system struggles to keep up with disciplinary problems when it has minimal staff and outdated facilities. This often results in brutal abuse at the hands of guards and other prison personnel. Overcrowding also limits access to resources. This includes health care for prisoners. Prisoners have died due to lack of health access because a nurse or doctor is not available and it’s considered ‘unsafe’ to transfer a prisoner for medical care. Considering that rates of hepatitis, HIV, and numerous other chronic conditions are high in prisons, lack of access to routine health care is a serious issue† Schmalleger, 2009). Lack of access to medications or irregular access to medications puts prisoners with chronic illnesses at extreme risk. â€Å" If extreme enough, overcrowding can lead to a court order that necessitates early release of certain prisoners in order to bring jails into compliance with the Constitution† (Schmalleger, 2009).

Macario’s Noche Buena

Nobody knew anything about Macario's early life; but everybody knew that he was a robber, the chief of a gang which used to haunt the country about the shores of Laguna De Bay and rob merchants coming from Manila. It was in the days when no railroad line existed in the Philippines, when all trips by water had to be made by bancas, cascos, and small, slow steamboats, and all overland journeys had to be made in carromatas, carts, or on horseback. Macario was known to be the fiercest among the highwaymen. He had foiled all attempts of the guardias civils to capture him. A price was set on his head.It was nine o'clock on a Christmas eve. The past week macario and his gang had had plenty to do, for it was the week when many merchants went to manila and back to their towns. Macario was alone. He stationed himself in a grove of bamboo trees a little distance from the solitary road some miles from the town of Calamba. The night was dark and a cool wind was blowing across the lonely fields, m aking the bamboo tops bend and wave. What was there strange NT the sound of the wind as it sighed among the bamboo leaves? nothing! Only that it had a remorseful sound, as of an upbraiding conscience daring to assert itself.That sound was most disquieting to the nerves it made Macario restless. He wished someone would come up the road, someone that would make him turn that restless into action. He even wished that some guardias civils would come, he wished to drown the voice of that wind in the excitement of a fight. While he was walking back and forth among the bamboo trees, he heard the sound of hoof beats in the distance. â€Å"Ah† said he, â€Å"I shall have my wish at last†. He went nearer the road and stood beside a tree. When the hoof beats sounded nearer, he discerned a dark object, hardly perceptible in the obscurity around.â€Å"Halt† cried Macario as he rushed toward that moving figure. â€Å"Halt or you are dead man! † the hoof beats ceased si multaneously with his cry Macario found himself face to face with a man riding on a horse. The man was alone. There was nothing martial about him, he was a merchant and he had two baskets on each side of his horse. The bandit took the horse by the bridle without a word and led it across the fields to the door of a nipa shack. â€Å"I want money,† Macario said as soon as they were inside the shack and he had brought in the baskets.The man gave him five pesos saying that he had no more. The robber then proceeded to open the baskets and examine their contents, which were mostly groceries. The merchant had gone to Manila expressily to buy these, not for sale, because he dealt only in cloth, but to regale his friends, his many nephews, nieces, cousins and his own children the next day, Christmas. The robber felt to the very bottom of a basket and drew out a large box. He opened it. It contained toys of all sorts-two or three dolls of different sizes, small green carriages drawn by red horses and a little drum.He took the drum and seemed to forget everything else as he held it. He regarded it with wistfulness, turned it round and round, tried beating it; it absorbed his whole interest. What was there peculiar about a drum or about THE DRUM MACARIO WAS HOLDING? Ah! There are strong associations that can be awakened by small objects. The memory of our meeting with lost friend may be brought home to us by the sight of a simple flower; an alphabet book may recall to mind the long, tedious hours with a cruel school master,and the past may be revived by a trifling toy.Macario saw in the drum not a toy but an object associated with his early life. His mind traveled back, back to a small barrio in a distant province, to a particular time, to a certain Christmas day. He saw a little boy going to his godfather's. He was wearing chinelas for the first time; they were red chinelas. He had a jusi shirt on, and a small buri hat. The little boy kissed his godfather's hand. The godfather took a little drum from a package and gave it to the boy, together with a half-peso piece. The little boy was himself.He was hum playing boy, together with little boys dressed in the same way; he heard him beating his drum and telling his playmates about the big star which he had seen in church that morning, the star which started from the choir and moved up to the altar; and of the little baby lying down on some grass, and of the little sheep and goats there; yes, as the altar he saw little goats. Other Christmas pictures came up before his mind in quick succession-picture in which he saw himself, each time older and grown larger. Then came one scene, the scene he had always dreaded, the scene which he would not haveRecalled for all the treasures he had stolen during his robber life and for what he might yet steal. It was Christmas eve again. He was now a tall young man. He was lurking among some trees near a path in a country district. He was mad, his blood was boili ng; his long sharp bolo was thirsting for blood as his heart thirsted for vengeance. The wind was blowing among the leaves of the trees; it incited him to more furious thoughts. Then his strained ears heard a sound, a snatch from an old country song. Ah! It was his enemy, singing; he who made this Christmas eve miserable for him.Macario asked nothing, explained nothing, he simply dashed forward to his enemy and made the long bolo work out his revenge. He saw his enemy fall, saw the body steeped in its own blood. He ran, ran†¦. The dreaded tulisan, stopping with his head in his hands, stood up and ran, ran out of the shack into the fields, into the road, into the arms of two guardias civiles! In the same town some little children were unhappy although they received a peso from their father. The little boy did wish so much to get a drum and the little girls wanted dolls very badly.First of all, a short story usually only has one main character. There may be more than one characte r in the story, but there is only one central person who undergoes a change or realization by the end of the story. In the story â€Å"Macario’s Noche-Buena†, there are a couple of characters, comprised by the robber Macario, the rider on horseback whom Macario robbed, and two guardia civilles who appeared at the end of the story. We can say that Macario was main character because the whole story revolved around him and his past experiences.He also experienced a change/realization because in the story, because he reminisces about his life as a child and how happy he was then. It was also mentioned that, â€Å"The little boy did wish so much to get a drum†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Maybe the little boy could be compared to Macario, who realized what he had become. Maybe all he wanted for Christmas was to go back to his life as a child where he didn’t have to steal and where life was so simple and fun. Next, a short story has only one main plot, unlike a lot of novels whose p lots divide into subplots and divide even further into more subplots.Basically, the plot of â€Å"Macario’s Noche-Buena† is the current life of Macario as a thief, and his memories of his youth. The story starts on December 24th, Noche-Buena. Macario is hiding in a grove of bamboo trees waiting for someone to pass. After some time, a man on horseback arrived, whom Macario ordered to give him his money. He only had five pesos so Macario opened the bag that the man was carrying. In the bag, Macario found some groceries, but more importantly there also was also an assortment of toys. Some dolls, carriages, and a little drum.Macario got hold of the drum and then remembered the little drum that his grandfather had given him for Christmas many years back. After that, more memories rushed in, one when he was a young adult, where he was holding a bloodied bolo and a dead man in front of him. After this, it is stated in the story that he ran, and after some distance he was caug ht by two guardia civilles, and then the story ends. Third, a short story has only one main setting. In this case, most of the story happens on a road with a patch of bamboo trees beside it.There is no longer a change of location like many longer narratives. This story focuses mainly on Macario’s actions and memories, the setting is not really important in â€Å"Macario’s Noche-Buena† Lastly, the theme of most short stories contains a moral lesson to be learned. In â€Å"Macario’s Noche-Buena†, Macario is a robber who on Christmas Eve finally realizes how much he has changed. From a happy young boy, he has turned into a man who steals toys meant to be given to children for Christmas. In this moment he remembers being given toys for Christmas by his Grandfather.The moral of the story is that even if you are driven into a corner and forced to do something evil, you should remember that there are also other human beings like you who will be affected b y the decisions you make. His miserable memories made him steal and kill and thereby the author is concluding the story in a meaningful way to show the very cause of his wrong deeds—â€Å"In the same town some little children were unhappy although they each received a peso from their father. The little boy did wish so much to get a drum and the little girls wanted dolls very badly. †

Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Property Law - Essay Example 360,000 by raising a mortgage amount from the Solent bank. This mortgage amount was with a joint responsibility with his father. Under the provisions of the Law of Property Act 1925, beneficial owners can obtain a court order for putting the trust into effect and directing sale of the property and thereafter division of the sale proceeds. With regard to house properties, the share of the parties will in general be 50% each, due to their joint ownership of the property. However, the court could refuse to grant sale order, if the reason behind the creation of the trust persists. 3 In Midland Bank v Cooke, 4 the Court of Appeal granted a half share to the defendant in the matrimonial home. In the absence of an express agreement, the court opined that the conduct of the parties would be examined in order to determine the intended share of each party. 5 In Stack v Dowden, the House of Lords held that in disputes where the family property was in joint names and in the absence of an express declaration regarding ownership, a beneficial joint tenancy could be presumed.6 Since, the defendant had provided 65% of the amount; Stack was entitled to 35% of the proceeds of the sale.7 In Jones v Kernott, the UK Supreme Court upheld the trial court’s grant of 90% of the property’s sale proceeds to the plaintiff. ... It is left to the court to defer the sale if it were of the opinion that such sale would be contrary to the purpose for which the property had been purchased. 9 In the UK common ownership of property is not transferred automatically between the parties to a marriage. Automatic transfer takes place, only if the parties consent to place the concerned property in their joint names. Such joint ownership can be of the following categories. First, joint tenancy, wherein the survivor of the married couple automatically inherits the share of the deceased spouse. Second, tenancy in common, in which the share in the property is transferred as per the will of the deceased spouse or as per the rules of intestacy.10 As such on the death of a spouse, the remaining spouse automatically derives a portion of the deceased spouse’s estate provided the property is held jointly by them. On the satisfaction of the Spouses Legal Right Share, children and issue become entitled to a share in the prope rty, after the intestate death of a person. In Abbott v Abbott the court granted 50% of the sale proceeds to the wife, as the couple had undertaken joint liability with regard to the repayment of the mortgage on the property. In addition, this husband and wife had arranged their finances entirely in a joint manner.11 The existence of a will executed by the deceased has a significant effect on the legal right of the remaining spouse or children. However, with regard to non – marital cohabitees, there is no such automatic entitlement, unless there is a specific benefit under a will. Conclusion Since Angelina holds the property, jointly with her deceased husband, she will receive half the share of the property, after meeting obligations and

Using financial ratios to analyse companies Essay

Using financial ratios to analyse companies - Essay Example The gross profit margin of Tesco has declined by almost 4% as shown in Table 2: Gross profit margin. The ratio shows that the costs of goods of the company have increased and it is unfavourable for the company if the same trend is followed because it will further reduce the profits of the company. Therefore the management needs to make sure that gross profit ratio is increased. The net profit margin of Tesco in the year 2012 is 4.36% however it was previously 4.42% thus it is showing a decline of 1.31%. Net profit margin of the company can be seen in Table 3: Net profit margin. Decline in the net profit is unfavourable for the Tesco as it is showing that the costs and expenses of the company have increased from last year. By further analyzing the financial statements, it can be found that the total revenue as well as net profit of Tesco has increased as identified in Table 1: Key Elements from Financial Statement, but by carefully analyzing the profit margin ratio it can be seen that the costs and expenses have increased at a higher rate than last year which has reduced the profit margin ratio. ROE of Tesco has decline by 1.6% as calculated in Table 4: ROE and it is unfavourable for Tesco as the profits of Tesco has been declining and thus it has also influenced the ROE of the company as well. The equity as well as profits have increased as indicated in Table 1: Key Elements from Financial Statement but the rate of increase in profits is less than the increase in equity thus it has resulted in declining the ROE. ROA of Tesco has shown a decline by 2% as revealed in Table 5: ROA and this is unfavourable for the company as the profits have not increased at the same rate in comparison to the increase in assets as identified in Table 1: Key Elements from Financial Statement. Thus it has resulted in declining of the ROA ratio of the company. Table 6: Operating Profit Margin reveals that Operating profit of Tesco has declined by

Criteria for Selection of Physical Education Teachers Essay

Criteria for Selection of Physical Education Teachers - Essay Example As the report declares three different kinds of questionnaires were prepared. The first was a Likert-type questionnaire. Responses were assigned numerical values that assessed how important the respondent considered a particular attribute. The second questionnaire required the respondents to arrange the attributes they considered favorable in potential teacher candidates in order of rank and importance. The third was an open ended questionnaire that allowed the respondents to answer questions in more detail, which provided some insight into the reasons for their choices. This paper stresses that the ability to teach physical education was considered most important, followed closely by the ability to teach inter personal skills. Teaching of swimming, dancing and outdoor education ranked lowest on the scale. The most important criterion was a major in physical education, followed by graduation from a reputable institution and a grade point average of at least 3. The least important criterion was the possession of a Master’s degree. The ability to motivate and inspire students ranked as the most important quality in terms of teaching skills. Adopting a wide range of teaching styles and maintaining a good classroom plan were also considered very important. The least important factor was collaboration with parents and the Community. Enthusiasm and passion ranked highest on the list of favorable attributes, followed by the ability to speak well. The least important factor was whether or not the candidate led an active lifestyle.

Reflection of knowledge Acquired in Cross-cultural Management Assignment

Reflection of knowledge Acquired in Cross-cultural Management - Assignment Example From this discussion it is clear that managers that operate in their countries too often find themselves in conditions where they have to interact with clients, suppliers or employees originating from different countries with varying cultural practices and beliefs. Above these challenges, the modern organizations are increasingly consisting of people from diverse cultural backgrounds, making them multicultural organizations. It is therefore not enough to only seek and acquire traditional knowledge or training, but it is essential to be equipped with knowledge of surviving through cross-cultural organization systems. Managers therefore need the complex skills of operating through the multicultural settings of organizations to succeed internationally.This study discusses that every life aspect gets influenced by culture and this is dictated by the perspective someone adopts to view the   world and give direction to what is ethically tolerable in terms of behaviour. The definition of culture can be broadly said to be mutual interpretations, shared values or motives, identities and beliefs and, these factors are the outcomes of shared by members of a society and are passed over across generations. Society is a distinguishing factor that denotes a communal mind training of people mind from other people of a diverse class.  Today, managers are confronted with an array of cultural challenges with the increased international businesses across borders and diversified workforce emanating from different backgrounds.

Language and culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Language and culture - Essay Example This perception of low standards on the local education is detrimental based on the fact that globalization has connected the world which requires that every country equips its future work force with the skills and abilities necessary to participate in a global economy. Abroad studies has been shown to present an opportunity for students to produce negative outcomes where students use the opportunity to have fun away from their parents’ supervision and control where habits such as overindulgence in alcohol and drug abuse are taken up to alleviate loneliness and trauma of culture shock. Nonetheless, studying abroad despite the language and cultural challenges it possess, it should be considered based on the opportunities it presents to students which is essential for personal development. Studying abroad has come to be viewed as a necessary investment for parents who would like their children to gain knowledge in a different environment as this allows them to experience other cultures. In addition, studying abroad takes place after high school when the student is 18 years when parents feel is an appropriate age to begin learning how to be independent. At this age, one can be able to get a job and be able to effectively cater for his personal expenses, a process that relieves the parents of the burdens and expenses. This is because one can get a job and fend for themselves. This brings about two important; factors- experiencing other cultures and becoming independent, both of which bring about the element of personal growth. This in my opinion is the single most valuable reason for choosing to study abroad. Personal growth goes beyond these two factors to include shaping of one’s character where one has to adjust their attitudes, develop a new mentality as they challenge their own beliefs and values in the face of a different environment where beliefs and value systems are more likely to be different.

WSUD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

WSUD - Assignment Example Before the urban development the water used to get soaked in water and was recycled easily by atmosphere. Moreover it contributed to land enrichment. In addition to causing pollution, storm water can cause streams erosions and increased flooding. Moreover increased flooding conditions cause property damage due to the chemicals and pollutants that get dissolved in the water runoff. Thus it is becoming a source public health risk. Even though safety measures are being taken, but still there a high risk of public safety getting compromised. The storm water can also become a source of pollution after heavy rainfalls. In many countries such as USA and UK some regulations have been set to prevent such cases. Water runoff is a serious problem in Asian countries like Pakistan, India and Bangladesh where there is unusually great amount of rainfalls during the monsoon period. The conditions of the drainage system in the above mentioned countries are below average. A design for the storm water management in these countries is yet to be produced. The new constructions are also making the situation worst due to the fact that new roads designed are not given the proper slopes to get rid of the storm water runoff problems. The contributing drainage region establishes the boundary restrictions for the flow of runoff - from the highest elevations to the lowest point of elevation. Some of the impacts of the development on hydrological cycle include increased peak discharges of runoff compared to pre-development levels, Increased volume of runoff formed by each storm in comparison to the pre-development situation, decreased time in which runoff reaches the stream, chiefly if extensive drainage changes are made. There are limitations in conventional stormwater management system because it only focuses on transportation and reduction of peak flow. The concept of conventional stormwater drainage

Tom Clancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tom Clancy - Essay Example Tom Clancy is something else again. The flap jacket of Tom Clancy's first successful book, The Hunt for Red October, contains this anecdote: "He has had a private chat with President Reagan, and lunched with the White House staff. His maiden novel was a top seller at the Pentagon. Yet the author is neither a former intelligence nor a naval officer. Rather, Tom Clancy is an insurance broker from a small town in Maryland whose only previously published writing was a letter to the editor and a three-page article about the MX missile. He always wanted to write a suspense novel, and a newspaper article about a mutiny on a Soviet frigate gave him the initial idea for Red October. He did extensive research about Soviet-American naval strategies and submarine technology. Then in the time he could spare from his insurance business, Clancy sat down at his typewriter and wrote. The rest is history." This insurance man with very little writing experience invented the "techno-thriller" genre, a hybrid of military, spy, political and suspense thrillers which became part of popular American culture 20 years later (Greenberg, M., 1992). Clancy's suspense thrillers are political intrigues mixed with rich details of modern military technology, which are focused on the Cold War and take a grim view of the former Soviet Union. This struck a responsive chord among political conservatives. These novels are also distinguished by the intricacies of their plots, attention to detail, and technical accuracy in military and intelligence topics (Wikipedia). An amazing achievement for one who never had any training in intelligence or military affairs, which gives his popularity a dimension bigger than that of all the best-selling authors combined who are known to have some previous expertise in the fields they are writing on. As a result of the immense popularity of Clancy's books, he became the only author in history whose works have been "branded,' a new publishing phenomenon in which other authors publish books using his name to ensure brisk sales. These publishing ventures are called "Apostrophe Books" as in "Tom Clancy's Op-Center with Steve Pieczenik." (Britannica.com) Tom Clancy's initial attempt at novel writing, The Hunt for Red October, was modeled after authors he admired most. These include the British masters of suspense and spy thrillers - Frederick Forsyth, John le Carre, Alistair MacLean and Len Deighton. Martin Greenberg, who collaborated with Clancy on his Mirror Image series, recalls that Clancy worked on the novel from November 11, 1982 to February 23, 1983, or within a space of only three months. The novel concerns a prolonged sea chase involving high-tech submarines so he referred it to the Naval Press Institute, hoping to obtain the stamp of authenticity that he doubted from the start. As Clancy feared at the time, his knowledge of submarine technology and weaponry was found wanting in places by the Naval Press Institute. Thus, the manuscript was returned to him three weeks later, full of suggested rewrites. Clancy dutifully did the rewrites, learning from that experience as he did so. In November 1983, sometime after Clancy brought back the revised manuscript to the Naval Press Institute, the institute was impressed enough to make an offer to publish it on a $3,000 deal with the first-time author. The institute had never published a book before and it was a measly contract by industry standard, but Clancy

How a Guitar Works Essay Example for Free

How a Guitar Works Essay A guitar can be defined as a musical instrument having â€Å"a long, fretted neck, flat wooden soundboard, ribs, and a flat back, most often with incurved sides† (Kasha, 1968) and believed to exist over 4000 years ago. The instrument was believed to be derived from the Greek instrument kithara, â€Å"a square-framed lap harp or lyre† (Guy, 2001). Today the guitar comes in many different forms but still follows the same dynamics to create beautiful melody. Music classifies a guitar as a chordophone or a string instrument. Physics describe a chordophone is any â€Å"instrument whose standing wave constraint is that at each end of the medium there must be a node† (Lapp, p. 61). A guitar has four essential components namely its hollow body, its neck, the head and its six strings. The body is the enclosed part of the guitar composed of the soundboard, a flat wooden piece that comprises the front of the body, supported by the wooden ribs and braces connected to the back board of the guitar to form the body cavity where air vibrates. The soundboard is etched with the sound hole, the hole where which the sound from the vibration travels out into the air. The bridge, which is mounted on the lower part of the soundboard, anchors each of the one ends of the six strings of the guitar. A thin piece is attached to the bridge, which is called the saddle, on which the strings rest. The guitar neck is made up of the fingerboard, the face of the neck where the fingers of the player are placed while pressing on a string. Frets, pieces the separate the fingerboard at definite intervals, are also part of the neck of the guitar. The end of the neck is made up of the nut, on which the other end of the strings rest, functioning similarly as the saddle. The head of the neck are where the ends of the string are affixed. The strings are tied onto a string post which can be freely rotated through worm gears. The tuning knobs provide for the control of the movement of the worm gears. Turning these knobs, enables the player to increase or decrease tension in the strings. The strings are the one who provides the tone that the guitar plays. Guitars have strings with different thickness for steel string guitars or densities for nylon string guitars, having its thickness or density increase gradually from top to bottom. The vibration of the strings determines the sound that the guitar plays. The vibrating strings alone are hardly audible. In order for the sound produced to be recognizable, the structure of the guitar is made as such in order to transfer the string vibrations to the plate of the soundboard through the bridge and saddle. The body then vibrates in all directions; however the ribs inside the body cavity keep the plate flat, despite these disturbances. Amplification, in the strictest definition of the word, is never the function of the guitar body. The small volume of sound produced due to string vibration is mostly due to the inefficient conversion of the energy from the plucking of the string into sound energy. The guitar body provides an efficient medium for this energy conversion due to its large surface area. The simple schematic below, cited as Fig. 1, demonstrates the transfer of energy as a guitar string is plucked. Figure 2. Energy Transfer in the Guitar Physics in Guitars Sound is any fluctuation is pressure resulting from the displacement of matter. However, what men recognize as being heard are tones, which are sounds that are repeated at a specific frequency. Humans can only recognize tones with frequencies between 20Hz and 20kHz. Musical notes, however, are collection of tones with specific frequencies that were found pleasing to one’s senses. The basic notes of the musical scale and their specific frequencies are as follows: 264Hz is middle C or middle do; 297Hz is D or re; 330Hz is E or mi; 352Hz is F or fa; 396Hz is G or so; 440Hz is A or la; 495Hz is B or ti; and 528Hz is the higher C or higher do. The masterful combination of these basic set of frequencies by musical composers enabled the conception of melodic harmony and symphony. The vibration of the strings of the guitar can be characterized as standing waves. The standing wave condition needs that the ends be terminated by a fixed node. The frequency of the vibration is determined by the length of the string and the tension experienced by the string. Therefore, in order to produce the different musical notes, the different frequencies of vibration should be achieved by the strings. The first mode of vibration or the fundamental harmonic of the string can be illustrated by the Fig. 2, where L is the length of the string and ? represents the wavelength, the length of one cycle of vibration, an upward movement and its corresponding downward movement along the string. Figure 2. Fundamental Harmonic of String (Lapp, p. 62) ? can be found to be twice of the string length, L. Since frequency is the ratio of the speed of vibration and the wavelength and the tension of the string is the product of the mass density or mass per unit length of the string and the speed of vibration, an expression of the frequency of vibration, expressed as f, in terms of the string tension, expressed as T, mass density of the string, expressed as ? , and L can be derived, thus the expression: These factors determine the frequency of the vibration, thus the tone that is played. An increase in ? and L decreases f, which results in a lower pitch. On the other hand, an increase in T, increases f, resulting in a higher pitch. The guitar provides control for all these factors. The difference in the density of the strings from top to bottom provides control for ?. The tuning knobs manage T while L is controlled by the player by pressing on the string against the fret. However, as the guitar string is struck, it does not vibrate solely on its fundamental frequency. Instead overtones are formed, which are harmonics with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, which can be demonstrated by Fig. 3. These overtones provide the richness of sound, which seem to reverberate in one’s ears, instead of a flat sound of a tone with only a single harmonic. Figure 3. (from top to bottom) 1st, 2nd, and 3rd overtones (Hokin, 2001) â€Å"The guitar can be considered to be a system of coupled vibrators† (Fletcher Rossing, 1998, p. 240). Along with the vibration of the string as it is plucked, all other parts of the guitar vibrates, and with it energy is transferred through them as demonstrated in Fig. 1. A significant part of the production of tones of a guitar is the vibration of the body along with air inside its cavity. The movements and modes of vibration of the guitar body and the air inside it, in response to the string being plucked, are referred to as internal resonances, which provides for the increase in volume of the tone produced similar to hitting a snare. The frequency of thses internal resonances of the guitar body are determined by the volume of air that the body encloses and the size of the sound hole, one of which that has lowest frequency is termed as Helmholtz resonance. These modes of the vibration can be observed through the use of lasers in holographic interferograms, as exemplified by Fig. 4, wherein the vibrations are manifested as ripples in the guitar body. Figure 4. Guitar Body Resonances (Fletcher Rossing, 1998, p. 246) However, these resonances can affect the quality of the tone produced when its frequency is close to harmonics that the plucked string produces. Certain harmonics are attenuated further than usual resulting in higher or lower pitches. The appropriate placement of the ribs and braces inside the guitar body, aside from supporting the soundboard, keep these resonances at a minimum. The ribs and braces of the guitar are illustrated below. Figure 5. Bracings of a Guitar (Billington, 1999) The masterful combination of the components of a guitar through its development has enabled it to be a source of beautiful melody throughout generations. The guitar is concrete evidence how man can create harmony from chaos. References Flectcher, N. H. Rossing, T. D. (1998). The Physics of Musical Instruments. 2nd ed. New York. Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. Billington, I. (1999). The Physics of the Acoustic Guitar. Retrieved from http://ffden-2. phys. uaf. edu/211. web. stuff/billington/main. htm. University of New South Wales. Guitar Acoustics. Retrieved from http://www. phys. unsw. edu. au/music/guitar/. Hokin, S. (2002). The Physics of Everyday Stuff. Retrieved from http://www. bsharp. org/ physics/ stuff/guitar. html. Lapp, D. R. The Physics of Music and Musical Instruments. Retrieved from http://www. tufts. edu/as/wright_center/workshops/workshop_archives/physics_2003_wkshp/ book/pom_book_acrobat_7. pdf. Brain, M. How Acoustic Guitars Work. Retrieved from http://entertainment. howstuffworks. com/guitar. htm. Guy, P. (2001). A Brief History of the Guitar. Retrieved from http://www. guyguitars. com/eng/ handbook/BriefHistory. html Parkkali, R. (2006). A Well Compensated Guitar. Retrieved from http://www. newmillguitar. com/ millen2. htm

Psychological factors affecting health

Psychological factors affecting health How does psychology affect ones physical health? Several psychological factors including stress, behavior due to chronic pain, depression, and cultural beliefs can have adverse affects on the bodys physical condition. The treatment of both physiological and psychological aspects of poor health are crucial for patients to have successful treatment outcomes, maintain and improve wellness, and improved adherence to medical regimens. Adding a team of five psychologists to a hospitals staff and assigning specific job titles and duties to each psychologist would be immensely beneficial to the patients. The five job titles include substance abuse counselor, inpatient-only psychologist, child psychologist, adult psychologist, and pain psychologist. Substance abuse counseling is a demanding and rewarding job that requires patience, a desire to help others, and compassion (The Princeton Review, 2008). Often, addicts are unaware of the services that can be provided to them. A substance abuse counselor can refer patients to other services such as family agencies, food pantries, a psychiatrist or physician, and welfare agents. Depending on the needs of the addict and their situation other services may be available as well (The Princeton Review, 2008). The substance abuse counselor will be in charge of coordinating the use of recovery programs and structured programs for substance abuse, in conjunction with a social worker. Substance abuse counselors work with a variety of professionals in order to provide the best service to the each patient. Along with coordinating recovery programs, the substance abuse counselor will collaborate with local schools and provide information to children about substance abuse and how abstain from using substances. He or she will provide information on programs for students who have already started using substances, and for those who have parents that abuse substances. Motivational interviewing is another service that the substance abuse counselor may provide in order to keep the addict on track. With motivational interviewing, the patient becomes aware of potential problems caused, consequences experienced, and risks factors of their behavior. The counselor will help the patient envision a brighter f uture, while keeping him or her motivated to achieve set goals (Axia College of University of Phoenix, 2008). Because substance abuse counselors can have as little as a high school diploma for their education, strict job limitations must be set. The counselor may not prescribe medicine, diagnose the patient, or provide psychological therapy. Instead, he or she may refer the patient to a specialist who can further help the patient with medical needs. A substance abuse counselor will be very helpful to reduce hospital stays and increase adherence to medical regimens. Substance abuse counseling can be done on an outpatient basis and may help the patient to avoid a relapse which occurs most during the first weeks and months of treatment (Axia College of University of Phoenix, 2008). Through the use of motivational interviewing, the counselor will be able to keep the patient motivated and on track with his or her medical regimens. Substance abuse counselors provide support toward the improvement and maintenance of health by keeping the patient motivated, referring him or her to other needed services, and helping him or her cope with their addiction. Inpatient-Only Psychologist Providing inpatient therapies and services to the patients who are admitted to the hospital is a necessity. An inpatient-only therapist will utilize various methods to facilitate adjustment and coping skills with patients suffering a chronic or terminal illness. A majority of the patients who are admitted to the hospital are there because they are seriously ill. The inpatient-only therapist will provide services such as teaching coping skills to help patients adjust to their illness, individual and family therapy sessions, and refer the patient to support groups if desired. Although an inpatient-only psychologist may make decisions such as prescribing medicine, he or she can diagnose a psychological illness and decide an appropriate treatment plan. If he or she feels the patient needs medication, the inpatient-only psychologist may refer the patient to a psychiatrist for further evaluation. An inpatient-only psychologist will decrease hospitalization time because he or she will aid in the coping and adjustment to a chronic or terminal illness. Once the patient has successfully adjusted to his or her illness, depending on the severity of the disease, he or she may be able to return home and continue regular activities. Having an inpatient psychologist will also improve the patients adherence to medical regimens. According to Axia College of University of Phoenix (2008), using behavioral methods such as tailoring the regimen to make it as compatible with the patients habits and rewarding him or her for following the given regimen, can help to improve compliance. The role of the inpatient-only psychologist will support the improvement and maintenance of patient wellness by helping the chronically and terminally ill patients adjust to their illness and maintain their usual lifestyle in a way that keeps them complying with medical regimens. Child Psychologist Children react to and cope with illness very differently from adults. As a part of the team of psychologists working for the hospital, the child psychologist will collaborate with local schools to help children with medical conditions cope with being ill. In the hospital, he or she will provide psychological preparation methods for children prior to medical procedures. According to Axia College of University of Phoenix (2008), over 2.5 million patients admitted to short-stay hospitals are under the age of 15. How much a child understands about being hospitalized and his or her illness depends on his or her age. The child psychologist will be responsible for providing informational techniques such as pamphlets, movies, puppet shows, and tours to help the child settle down and cope with the facility and his or her procedures. The psychologist may also work with parents to develop techniques to prepare the child for procedures and for adjusting to every day life when the child returns h ome. For most hospitalized children who have a positive outcome, their stress level appears to be temporary and does not seem to produce long-term emotional problems (Axia College of University of Phoenix, 2008). Therefore, by having a child psychologist to improve a childs hospital experience, the child may have shorter hospitalization and can understand his or her illness better in order to adhere to medical regimens. The role of a child psychologist is supportive toward improvement and maintenance of wellness because the specialized training of the psychologists allows him or her to design treatment plans and preparation techniques that will better help the child understand what is wrong and how to treat the problem. Adult Psychologist Adult psychologists are similar to child psychologists except their target group would be people ranging from early adults to senior citizens. Like the child psychologist, the adult psychologist will provide psychological preparation methods to his or her patients before a medical procedure or surgery. He or she will be responsible for diagnosing stress disorders in adults and aiding in stress interventions. Although the adult psychologist will not prescribe medicine he or she can determine patient diagnosis and treatment plans. If medications are needed then the psychologist may refer the patient to other specialists. The Adult psychologist will provide services such as teaching stress relieving techniques which include cognitive therapy, problem-solving training, and stress-inoculation training (Axia College of University of Phoenix, 2008). If necessary, the psychologist may refer patients to a massage therapist to reduce muscle tension caused by stress. Like children, adults with a positive hospitalization outcome are likely to experience reduced stress and anxiety which may cause a faster recovery. When the adult is able to address his or her concerns and get answers from the psychologist, he or she will likely adhere to medical regimens because his or her anxieties toward the regimen have been addressed. Improvement and maintenance of health will be supported by the Adult psychologist by mentally preparing patients for medical procedures, reducing stress and anxiety, and addressing the concerns of the patient. Pain Psychologist Pain can have adverse affects on both the physical and psychological health of a patient. When pain and discomfort derives from tissue damage it is called organic pain. Pain perceived through psychological processes is called psychogenic pain (Axia College of University of Phoenix, 2008). The responsibilities of the pain psychologist include providing treatment for chronic pain, designing and implementing behavioral intervention plans, and teaching the patient and his or her family skills to meet future mental health needs. He or she will provide services such as behavioral and cognitive treatments to reduce pain. Having a pain psychologist on staff will reduce hospitalization time by offering outpatient services and teaching the patients and their family how to alter their everyday lives in order to meet the needs of the patient. By addressing the patients psychosocial factors, such as making the patient state that he or she will comply with the regimen and involving family for soci al support, the patients is more likely to comply with medical regimens (Axia College of University of Phoenix, 2008). Like the other psychologists, the role of the pain psychologist will be supportive toward improvement and maintenance of wellness by improving patient compliance and designing treatment plans that are individualized to the patient. Several hospitals have already implemented a team of psychologists as their staff. One hospital in central Connecticut has a staff with seven different psychologists specializing in many areas of psychology. Hospital physicians have stated that having the team of psychologists on hand to treat patients in need has improved attendance and compliance (APApractice.Org, n.d.). Each of the selected roles is very important for providing quality patient care. By not implementing one of the roles, the psychologist may become overwhelmed with work and the patients will not receive the specialized care that is important to a successful diagnosis and treatment. Although some of the job duties overlap between the psychologists, this may be helpful to reduce the workload of each psychologist and keep a high-level of quality care. Each of the psychologists is specialized in a certain area of psychological treatment, but some of them do perform similar job duties. Having an overlap in job duties ma y be beneficial for second opinions and covering shifts when one psychologist becomes ill or takes a vacation. Many patients with a physical illness can suffer from emotional problems as well. Patients would be better off with the services provided by the psychologists because every aspect of their illness will be addressed and treated. Without psychological services available to the patient, the patient may never address his or her mental needs which can lead to more physical illnesses. According to APApractice.Org (n.d.), patients often present emotional problems that physicians do not know how to handle. Therefore, adding a team of psychologists would be more beneficial to the patients than disregarding the option of psychological services within the hospital. Overall, the implementation of psychological services in a hospital has proven to be beneficial for the hospitals who have already hired a team of psychologists. By adding a team of psychologists consisting of a substance abuse counselor, an inpatient-only psychologist, an adult psychologist, a child psychologist, and a pain psychologist; hospitalized patients will experience shorter hospitalizations, increased quality of care, and will adhere to medical regimens more often. Not only will patients receive quality inpatient care, but they can continue their care on an outpatient basis which will help to keep them on track with their treatments.

Ancient Greek Doctors Essay -- essays research papers

Hippocrates and Galen Comparative study between the best Greek Medical doctors of ancient Times. Introduction As The Greek empire declined, Rome inherited its medical traditions and knowledge. During the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D health standards dropped considerably and outbreaks occurred of life threatening diseases. Galen of Pergamon, a follower of Hippocrates, gathered much of the medical knowledge of the time and added to it his studies of anatomy and physiology (mostly of animals). In Spite of his errors in describing certain anatomical and physiology phenomena, his writing created the foundation for medicine over 1500 years later in Europe. Though Galen created a historical event, he indeed followed and admired one of the greatest doctors of ancient Greece ‘Hippocrates’. A physician and a surgeon he became a leader of a medical school on the ‘Aegean island of Cos’ his works are contained in the ‘Hippocrates corpus’, over 70 volumes of case histories and thoughts on the practice of medicine, role of environmental health and sa cred diseases. Although other non-Hippocrates doctors made diagnosis, the Cos physicians would try and predict the outcome of their patients. Hippocrates adopted a view that Breath is the most necessary component of our bodies and if it flowed freely produces heath if impeded produces disease. Hippocrates says that diseases are caused by the differences in the elemental components of the human organism. Before Hippocrates and Galen Medical practice in Greece centered around religion (Cult), the cult of Askelepios, the Greek god of medicine and the son of Apollo. Mythology tells us that Askelepios was saving so many lives that Pluto, the god of the underworld, asked Zeus to slay him which Zeus did with a thunderbolt. Whether Askelepios was a real man or not ,many temples around Greece have been placed up in his honor. Patients go to theses temples where they spend the night and patients have said that Askelepios has appeared in their dreams. In an age where disease was looked upon as a punishment from the gods, sacrifice was a way of pleasing the gods to prevent them from punishing. This was not the only medicine practice in Greece, there where also men who where more truly doctors they practice the unknown medicine and where still well regarded. Hippocrates What... ... his work nearly all medical thought and shaped not only the theory but practice as well. Galen’s training was not only in biology and medicine, but known as a philosopher and philologist. Philosophy in Galens word is " an essential part of training a doctor". Galens first professional job was a surgeon to the gladiators in Pergamon, here he gained much experience and practical knowledge from the wounds he had to treat. After four years he immigrated to Rome where he attained a brilliant reputation as a practitioner and a public demonstrated of anatomy. Galen for all his mistakes, remained the unchallenged authority for over a thousand years. Main mistakes consisted of the internal organs e.g.: he incorrectly assumed that the rete mirablile, a plexus of blood vessels as the base of the brain of ungulate animals, was also present in humans. He had 20 scribes to write down all his words and dictums, he was not Christian yet his writings reflected only one God an d declared the body to be an instrument of the soul. Galen experimented on animals for physiological purposes. The work On the use of the parts of the human body consisted of seventeen books of this topic.

Louis XIV and Peter The Great Essay example -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research Essay   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Absolute rulers like Louis xiv and Peter the Great strengthened there countries butweakened them economically. They made great improvements to the armies and social aspects of the kingdom. But when they were improving all of these things it ended up costing them a great deal of money. Was it good to have a great army and government if everyone had no money? Absolutism is a political theory holding that all power should bevested in one ruler or other authority. Both Louis xiv and Peter the Great considered themselves to be absolute rulers and they had divine right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Louis xiv changed France in many ways. He helped and hurt the growing nation. In order to become a true absolute ruler Louis xiv needed to make sure that ll the power was contained in himself. So he did a very clever thing, he took the nobles power out of the government. And to make sure they didnt realize that their power was being taken away slowly he gave them positions in the army (doc.7). This now made france a true absolute monarchy. All the power was now in louis xiv. He made all the decisions and no one could stop or disagree with him. Unlike the middle ages where the system of government was the feudal system and the nobles contained a great deal of power t...

The New Hazardous Waste: Electronic Waste Essay -- Technology Technol

The New Hazardous Waste: Electronic Waste Technology has opened human existence to greater ideas and knowledge than we ever thought was possible. Technological advances in everything from medicine to the distribution of information have made for a better and more convenient life. Computers and the use of the internet has created a global network in which people half-way across the globe from each other can communicate and share information instantaneously. In 1965 Gordon Moore, one of the founding members of the Intel corporation, observed and proclaimed that the processing power of computers was doubling every 18 months. Labeled as Moore’s Law, this trend continues to this day. This law and the mindset that everyone needs the newest fastest sharpest computer has created a global hazardous waste problem predicted to be the largest toxic waste problem of the 21st century.1 The problem commonly referred to as electronic waste, or e-waste, consists of the hazardous materials and plastics that computers and ot her electronic items are made of. Being that this is such a relatively new problem, not many people outside of those in large electronic companies, those who work in landfills, and people overseas in China, Indonesia, and other Asian countries where the waste is shipped know of the problem. If the world’s population is not educated and recycling or reuse programs are not initiated, catastrophe on a global level is possible. Few steps have been made to solve this problem, and the question of who is responsible, the consumer or the producer, is a valid and interesting topic to be explored. Come along as the hazardous world of e-waste is explored with background, as well as solutions and ideas for the future. ... ...eek, 4/16/2001, Vol. 8 Issue 15, p46. 4. Gawel, Richard. â€Å"Groups Aim to Make Molehill Out of Mountain of Electronic Waste†. Electronic Design, 02/19/2001, Vol. 19 Issue 4, p34. 5. Bartholomew, Doug. â€Å"Computer Makers Tackle E-Waste†. Industry Week/IW, Jan2004, Vol. 253 Issue 1, p60, 1p Other Resources Crozier, Ry. â€Å"Passing the Buck†. Electronic News (North America), 7/28/2003, Vol. 49 Issue 30. â€Å"E-Waste Reuse†. Industry Week/IW, Jan2003, Vol. 252 Issue 1, p19. Elgin, Ben. â€Å"The Information Age’s Toxic Garbage†. Business Week, 10/6/2003 Issue 3852, p54. â€Å"Long Awaited Electronic Waste Recycling Initiative is Approved†. Professional Engineering, 4/17/2002, Vol. 15 Issue 7, p5. â€Å"NSWMA Adopts e-Waste Disposal Program†. Professional Safety, Nov2003, Vol. 48 Issue 11. â€Å"Paper, Plastic, Or TV?† Environment, Sep2002, Vol. 44 Issue 7, p7 The New Hazardous Waste: Electronic Waste Essay -- Technology Technol The New Hazardous Waste: Electronic Waste Technology has opened human existence to greater ideas and knowledge than we ever thought was possible. Technological advances in everything from medicine to the distribution of information have made for a better and more convenient life. Computers and the use of the internet has created a global network in which people half-way across the globe from each other can communicate and share information instantaneously. In 1965 Gordon Moore, one of the founding members of the Intel corporation, observed and proclaimed that the processing power of computers was doubling every 18 months. Labeled as Moore’s Law, this trend continues to this day. This law and the mindset that everyone needs the newest fastest sharpest computer has created a global hazardous waste problem predicted to be the largest toxic waste problem of the 21st century.1 The problem commonly referred to as electronic waste, or e-waste, consists of the hazardous materials and plastics that computers and ot her electronic items are made of. Being that this is such a relatively new problem, not many people outside of those in large electronic companies, those who work in landfills, and people overseas in China, Indonesia, and other Asian countries where the waste is shipped know of the problem. If the world’s population is not educated and recycling or reuse programs are not initiated, catastrophe on a global level is possible. Few steps have been made to solve this problem, and the question of who is responsible, the consumer or the producer, is a valid and interesting topic to be explored. Come along as the hazardous world of e-waste is explored with background, as well as solutions and ideas for the future. ... ...eek, 4/16/2001, Vol. 8 Issue 15, p46. 4. Gawel, Richard. â€Å"Groups Aim to Make Molehill Out of Mountain of Electronic Waste†. Electronic Design, 02/19/2001, Vol. 19 Issue 4, p34. 5. Bartholomew, Doug. â€Å"Computer Makers Tackle E-Waste†. Industry Week/IW, Jan2004, Vol. 253 Issue 1, p60, 1p Other Resources Crozier, Ry. â€Å"Passing the Buck†. Electronic News (North America), 7/28/2003, Vol. 49 Issue 30. â€Å"E-Waste Reuse†. Industry Week/IW, Jan2003, Vol. 252 Issue 1, p19. Elgin, Ben. â€Å"The Information Age’s Toxic Garbage†. Business Week, 10/6/2003 Issue 3852, p54. â€Å"Long Awaited Electronic Waste Recycling Initiative is Approved†. Professional Engineering, 4/17/2002, Vol. 15 Issue 7, p5. â€Å"NSWMA Adopts e-Waste Disposal Program†. Professional Safety, Nov2003, Vol. 48 Issue 11. â€Å"Paper, Plastic, Or TV?† Environment, Sep2002, Vol. 44 Issue 7, p7

Accounting Equations

ACCOUNTING EQUATIONS 1. Show the accounting equation for the following transaction (i) Ram started business with cash 20000, stock 50000, building 30000 (ii) Sold goods to Amit for cash 20000 and credit 15000 (iii) Paid rent 500 and rent outstanding 150 (iv) Sold goods costing 12000 for Rs. 15000 (v) Accrued commission 2000 (vi) Furniture purchased from Lalit 12000 and paid 3000 in cash (vii) Received from Amit 13500 in full settlement (viii) Insurance paid 15000 for 15 months (ix) Commission received in advance 400 (x) Cash deposited into saving bank a/c 7000 xi) Building purchased and paid by cheque 5000 (xii) Paid to Lalit Rs. 8500 in full settlement 2. Ashita began a business as wholesaler of gloves, scarves and caps. The following events have occurred: (i) On January 1 2003, she invested Rs. 1,50,000 in cash in her new business called â€Å"Winter Gifts† (ii) Acquired Rs. 20,000 goods for cash. (iii) A large retail store in Chandigarh, which she hoped would be a big custo mer, closed its business. (iv) Gloves that cost Rs. 300 in transaction (ii) were of wrong style. She returned them and obtained a full cash refund. (v) She sold her personal savings certificates for Rs. ,000 to acquire machinery for â€Å"Winter Gifts†. (vi) She paid two months’ rent in advance for her office Rs. 5,000 Show the effect of the above transactions on the accounting equation. 3. A summary of the transactions of the business of Suresh are as follows:- Please explain the same in form of equations. 2008 March 1) Suresh began business with Rs. 50,000 in cash. 2) Took a loan of Rs. 20,000 from Manish. 3) Purchased for cash, two computers each costing Rs. 29,000. 4) Purchased supplies of floppy disks and stationery for Rs. 6,000/- on credit. 19) Received a price of Rs. 12,000 in cash for software services. 1) Paid creditor for supplies of Rs. 2,000 29) Paid salaries to employees Rs. 4,000/- and office rent Rs. 1,200/- 30) Deposited Rs. 10,000 in Bank. 31) Withdre w Rs. 3,500 in cash for personal use. 31) Paid Rs. 2,000 in cash for employees general insurance. 4. Ram started business with 10,000, paid into bank 7000, bought goods for cash 500, drew cash from bank for credit 100, sold goods to Krishna goods on credit 150, bought from Shyam goods on credit 225, received from Krishna 145 allowed him discount 5, paid Shyam cash 215 discount allowed 10, cash sales for the month 800, paid rent 50 and paid salary 100. . Ramgopal started business with cash 8000. He bought goods for cash 5000. He sold goods worth Rs. 300 for Rs. 400 to Mr. Manoharlal. Paid into bank Rs. 3000. Bought goods from Mr. Hari Rs. 225. Paid cash to Hari Rs. 215, discount allowed by him Rs. 10 Sold goods worth Rs. 400 for Rs. 450 for cash to Mr. Murali. Received cash from Manohar lal Rs. 360 in full & final settlement, Paid for stationary Rs. 30 Paid for office furniture Rs. 200, Sold goods worth Rs. 90 to Mr. Kailash for Rs. 100. electricity charges Rs. 150. Received from Kai lash Rs. 95. 6. Raju commenced business with cash Rs. 30000 Deposited Rs. 5000 into bank Purchase goods for cash Rs. 12000, credit from Mr. X Rs. 18000 Sold goods for cash Rs. 24000 costing Rs. 18000 Paid rent 300 and rent outstanding Rs. 60 Bought furniture Rs. 3000 on credit from Durian Furniture. Bought refrigerator for personal use Rs. 3000 Purchase building Rs. 12000 Withdrew Rs. 9000 in cash from bank and invested Rs. 4500 in shares of XY & Co. Purchase a second-hand two wheeler for staff Rs. 9000 giving Rs. 3000 in cash and balance through a loan. Sold shares costing Rs. 600 for Rs. 900 Paid Rs. 300 for loan and Rs. 180 for interest Received cash for dividends on shares Rs. 20. 7. Shriram commenced business with cash Rs. 30000, stock Rs. 5000 and building Rs. 50000 Paid rent in advance Rs. 1200 Purchase typewriter Rs. 4200 Bought furniture from Mohan on credit Rs. 1800 Purchase goods from Sohan for cash Rs. 21000 Sold goods to Shyam for cash Rs. 30000 costing Rs. 24000 Bought goods from Ramesh Rs. 28000 Shyam paid Rs. 23500 in full & final settlement. Purchase furniture for Rs. 9000 giving Rs. 1500 in cash and balance through a loan Goods destroyed by fire cost Rs. 300 sale price Rs. 360 Paid half the amount owed to Mohan Sold goods to Ramu for cash Rs. 30000 costing Rs. 4000 Withdrew goods for personal use cost Rs. 300 sale price Rs. 360 Received Rs. 29700 from Ramu in full settlement of his account Paid Rs. 27820 to Ramesh in full settlement Charge depreciation Rs. 180 on furniture 8. The followings are the assets of a business established 10 years back on 1 April 2010: Cash Rs. 1200, Bank Rs. 40800, Stock Rs. 24000, Machinery Rs. 60000, Furniture Rs. 6000 Narayan Bros Rs. 9000, B K Bros Rs. 15000, The following are the liabilities as on that date: Loan Rs. 30000, JK Bros Rs. 12000 The following transactions occurred during the year: Bought goods on credit from SN & Co.Rs. 6000 Sold goods for cash to Dhiraj Rs. 2400 Sold goods to Narayan Bros on credi t Rs. 6000 Received from Narayan Bros in full settlement of the amount due Rs. 8700 Payment made to JK Bros by cheque Rs. 5850. They allowed them discount Rs. 150 Old furniture sold for cash Rs. 600 Bought goods for cash Rs. 4500 B K Bros paid by cheque. Cheque was deposited into the bank Rs. 15000 Paid for repairs to machinery Rs. 600 Bought goods from JK Bros Rs. 6000. Paid carriage on these goods Rs. 300 Received cheque from Narayan Bros. Deposited in the bank Rs. 5700, discount allowed to them Rs. 00 Paid cheque to JK Bros Rs. 6000. Bank intimated that the cheque of Narayan Bros has returned unpaid. Sold goods worth Rs. 2000 for cash Rs. 3000 Withdrew for private use Rs. 150 9. On December 1, Mr. X purchased second hand machinery from Mr J 30000 against a cheque and spent Rs. 300 on its cartage and Rs. 700 on its installation and Rs. 4000 on its repairs December 3 Paid income tax Rs. 2000 December 16 paid insurance in advance Rs. 1600 December 18 Paid rent of building Rs. 12000, half of the building is used by the proprietor for residential use December 20 Paid life insurance premium Rs. 000 December 26 Goods worth Rs. 2000 and cash Rs. 1000 taken away by the proprietor. December 31 Rent due to land lord Rs. 1000 December 31 Due to clerk Rs. 500 Dece,ber 31 Provide depreciation on the same machinery on 20% pa. 10. April 1 Mr. Singh owes Mr. Robert 15000. On the same day Mr. Harmeet owed Mr. Singh 20000. April 4 Mr. Robert sold goods worth 60000 on trade discount 10% to Mr. Singh. April 6 Mr. Singh sold goods worth Rs. 27,000 to Mr. Harmeet priced at Rs. 30000. April 17 Purchase of Rs. 25000 worth of goods from Robert which was sold to Harmeet at a profit Rs. 5000. April 18 Mr.Singh rejected 10% of Robert’s goods for being defective. April 19 Mr. Singh issued a cash bill of Rs. 10000 to Mr. Harmeet who came personally for this assignment of goods urgently needed by him. April 22 Mr. Harmeet cleared half his amount by cheque, due to Mr. Singh enjoying a half % cash discount April 26 Roberts’s total dues were cleared by cheque enjoying a cash discount of Rs. 1000 on the payment made. April 29 Closed Harmeet’s account to record the fact that all but Rs. 5000 was cleared by him by cheque because he was declared insolvent Evaluate the transactions in the books of Mr. Singh using accounting equation. Accounting Equations ACCOUNTING EQUATIONS 1. Show the accounting equation for the following transaction (i) Ram started business with cash 20000, stock 50000, building 30000 (ii) Sold goods to Amit for cash 20000 and credit 15000 (iii) Paid rent 500 and rent outstanding 150 (iv) Sold goods costing 12000 for Rs. 15000 (v) Accrued commission 2000 (vi) Furniture purchased from Lalit 12000 and paid 3000 in cash (vii) Received from Amit 13500 in full settlement (viii) Insurance paid 15000 for 15 months (ix) Commission received in advance 400 (x) Cash deposited into saving bank a/c 7000 xi) Building purchased and paid by cheque 5000 (xii) Paid to Lalit Rs. 8500 in full settlement 2. Ashita began a business as wholesaler of gloves, scarves and caps. The following events have occurred: (i) On January 1 2003, she invested Rs. 1,50,000 in cash in her new business called â€Å"Winter Gifts† (ii) Acquired Rs. 20,000 goods for cash. (iii) A large retail store in Chandigarh, which she hoped would be a big custo mer, closed its business. (iv) Gloves that cost Rs. 300 in transaction (ii) were of wrong style. She returned them and obtained a full cash refund. (v) She sold her personal savings certificates for Rs. ,000 to acquire machinery for â€Å"Winter Gifts†. (vi) She paid two months’ rent in advance for her office Rs. 5,000 Show the effect of the above transactions on the accounting equation. 3. A summary of the transactions of the business of Suresh are as follows:- Please explain the same in form of equations. 2008 March 1) Suresh began business with Rs. 50,000 in cash. 2) Took a loan of Rs. 20,000 from Manish. 3) Purchased for cash, two computers each costing Rs. 29,000. 4) Purchased supplies of floppy disks and stationery for Rs. 6,000/- on credit. 19) Received a price of Rs. 12,000 in cash for software services. 1) Paid creditor for supplies of Rs. 2,000 29) Paid salaries to employees Rs. 4,000/- and office rent Rs. 1,200/- 30) Deposited Rs. 10,000 in Bank. 31) Withdre w Rs. 3,500 in cash for personal use. 31) Paid Rs. 2,000 in cash for employees general insurance. 4. Ram started business with 10,000, paid into bank 7000, bought goods for cash 500, drew cash from bank for credit 100, sold goods to Krishna goods on credit 150, bought from Shyam goods on credit 225, received from Krishna 145 allowed him discount 5, paid Shyam cash 215 discount allowed 10, cash sales for the month 800, paid rent 50 and paid salary 100. . Ramgopal started business with cash 8000. He bought goods for cash 5000. He sold goods worth Rs. 300 for Rs. 400 to Mr. Manoharlal. Paid into bank Rs. 3000. Bought goods from Mr. Hari Rs. 225. Paid cash to Hari Rs. 215, discount allowed by him Rs. 10 Sold goods worth Rs. 400 for Rs. 450 for cash to Mr. Murali. Received cash from Manohar lal Rs. 360 in full & final settlement, Paid for stationary Rs. 30 Paid for office furniture Rs. 200, Sold goods worth Rs. 90 to Mr. Kailash for Rs. 100. electricity charges Rs. 150. Received from Kai lash Rs. 95. 6. Raju commenced business with cash Rs. 30000 Deposited Rs. 5000 into bank Purchase goods for cash Rs. 12000, credit from Mr. X Rs. 18000 Sold goods for cash Rs. 24000 costing Rs. 18000 Paid rent 300 and rent outstanding Rs. 60 Bought furniture Rs. 3000 on credit from Durian Furniture. Bought refrigerator for personal use Rs. 3000 Purchase building Rs. 12000 Withdrew Rs. 9000 in cash from bank and invested Rs. 4500 in shares of XY & Co. Purchase a second-hand two wheeler for staff Rs. 9000 giving Rs. 3000 in cash and balance through a loan. Sold shares costing Rs. 600 for Rs. 900 Paid Rs. 300 for loan and Rs. 180 for interest Received cash for dividends on shares Rs. 20. 7. Shriram commenced business with cash Rs. 30000, stock Rs. 5000 and building Rs. 50000 Paid rent in advance Rs. 1200 Purchase typewriter Rs. 4200 Bought furniture from Mohan on credit Rs. 1800 Purchase goods from Sohan for cash Rs. 21000 Sold goods to Shyam for cash Rs. 30000 costing Rs. 24000 Bought goods from Ramesh Rs. 28000 Shyam paid Rs. 23500 in full & final settlement. Purchase furniture for Rs. 9000 giving Rs. 1500 in cash and balance through a loan Goods destroyed by fire cost Rs. 300 sale price Rs. 360 Paid half the amount owed to Mohan Sold goods to Ramu for cash Rs. 30000 costing Rs. 4000 Withdrew goods for personal use cost Rs. 300 sale price Rs. 360 Received Rs. 29700 from Ramu in full settlement of his account Paid Rs. 27820 to Ramesh in full settlement Charge depreciation Rs. 180 on furniture 8. The followings are the assets of a business established 10 years back on 1 April 2010: Cash Rs. 1200, Bank Rs. 40800, Stock Rs. 24000, Machinery Rs. 60000, Furniture Rs. 6000 Narayan Bros Rs. 9000, B K Bros Rs. 15000, The following are the liabilities as on that date: Loan Rs. 30000, JK Bros Rs. 12000 The following transactions occurred during the year: Bought goods on credit from SN & Co.Rs. 6000 Sold goods for cash to Dhiraj Rs. 2400 Sold goods to Narayan Bros on credi t Rs. 6000 Received from Narayan Bros in full settlement of the amount due Rs. 8700 Payment made to JK Bros by cheque Rs. 5850. They allowed them discount Rs. 150 Old furniture sold for cash Rs. 600 Bought goods for cash Rs. 4500 B K Bros paid by cheque. Cheque was deposited into the bank Rs. 15000 Paid for repairs to machinery Rs. 600 Bought goods from JK Bros Rs. 6000. Paid carriage on these goods Rs. 300 Received cheque from Narayan Bros. Deposited in the bank Rs. 5700, discount allowed to them Rs. 00 Paid cheque to JK Bros Rs. 6000. Bank intimated that the cheque of Narayan Bros has returned unpaid. Sold goods worth Rs. 2000 for cash Rs. 3000 Withdrew for private use Rs. 150 9. On December 1, Mr. X purchased second hand machinery from Mr J 30000 against a cheque and spent Rs. 300 on its cartage and Rs. 700 on its installation and Rs. 4000 on its repairs December 3 Paid income tax Rs. 2000 December 16 paid insurance in advance Rs. 1600 December 18 Paid rent of building Rs. 12000, half of the building is used by the proprietor for residential use December 20 Paid life insurance premium Rs. 000 December 26 Goods worth Rs. 2000 and cash Rs. 1000 taken away by the proprietor. December 31 Rent due to land lord Rs. 1000 December 31 Due to clerk Rs. 500 Dece,ber 31 Provide depreciation on the same machinery on 20% pa. 10. April 1 Mr. Singh owes Mr. Robert 15000. On the same day Mr. Harmeet owed Mr. Singh 20000. April 4 Mr. Robert sold goods worth 60000 on trade discount 10% to Mr. Singh. April 6 Mr. Singh sold goods worth Rs. 27,000 to Mr. Harmeet priced at Rs. 30000. April 17 Purchase of Rs. 25000 worth of goods from Robert which was sold to Harmeet at a profit Rs. 5000. April 18 Mr.Singh rejected 10% of Robert’s goods for being defective. April 19 Mr. Singh issued a cash bill of Rs. 10000 to Mr. Harmeet who came personally for this assignment of goods urgently needed by him. April 22 Mr. Harmeet cleared half his amount by cheque, due to Mr. Singh enjoying a half % cash discount April 26 Roberts’s total dues were cleared by cheque enjoying a cash discount of Rs. 1000 on the payment made. April 29 Closed Harmeet’s account to record the fact that all but Rs. 5000 was cleared by him by cheque because he was declared insolvent Evaluate the transactions in the books of Mr. Singh using accounting equation.

St John Ambulance Team

Rescue Me St. John Ambulance Team In school periods, students can join sports, news editing, cheerleading teams, and other academia groups. My alma mater was Chong Hwa High School, which was a little different from other schools because it didn’t have its own medical support, so medical care was provided by St. John ambulance team. Participating in this ambulance team was my gleeful period when I was a high school student. Still, I clearly remember the reasons for joining St. John Ambulance, being a team member and a captain. There were several reasons why I joined this ambulance team.First, when I was about 10 years old, I saw a motorcycle accident. It was a broiling day. I was trudging on the way of home and felt wobbly. Abruptly, a flying vehicle passed in front of me and boomed. An elderly rider fell in front of me. He was looking at me with eyes seeking help and stretching out his hand. His blood was flowing out ceaselessly. I was anxious and looked around of me. There wa s nobody except me. I felt helpless and sad because the only thing I could do was calling for an ambulance. However, the elder man died before the ambulance team arrived.The ground was dyed red by his blood. I couldn’t forget this event until now and blamed myself. If I could have done something for this rider, maybe I could have saved his life; also, those medical skills might have been a help for my future. Conversely, St. John ambulance team was a well developed international organization. St John ambulance team was founded in United Kingdom in 1877; also, it expanded to other countries with the colonization by the United Kingdom. There is a great number of branches of St. John ambulance teams on the world; moreover, I could use its medical license everywhere.For instance, I had a CPR license,which could provide me with legal support when I rescued a patient. If the patient died during my assistance, I would not get sued by the patient’s family. Being an ambulance t eam member was a very excellent experience for me, and I learned various lessons from camping trips and different services. My first camping trip was a freshman trip. I was very excited about it. On this trip, I learned about St. John principles. The principles were eight words: tact, resource, observation, dexterity, explicitness, sympathy, discrimination and perseverance.If we could achieve those principal eight words, we could be an efficient ambulance team member. For instance, we had a Furthermore, I comprehended how important teamwork was. During the camping trip, we needed to find a partner to work with; such as brushing each other’s teeth, practicing medical skills. Survival camping was another lesson which inspired me a lot. On this trip, we learned about outdoor survival skills. Those skills helped me to improve my medical skills. For example, what would you do when you got bitten by a snake. First, you needed to wash the injury with clean water.Second, you used a s terilized knife to cut a cross on the injury, and pushed the poisoned blood out. Furthermore, first aid services were extremely helpful experiences for me because I could attend to injured people on the first scene of accidents. My most unforgettable memory was when I needed to search an arm of a young guy at an accident scene. This event was on highway, and the driver’s arm was cut off by being crushed by a truck. I was ordered to find his arm; then, I found it on other side of the highway. The severed part of the arm was extraordinarily terrifying.The bone was exposed; also, I saw a little blood dropping from the mashed flesh. When I picked up the arm, I was terrified and wanted to vomit. The tactility and odor of the arm was disgusting. I couldn’t have a meal and sleep in that day; still, I was tortured by this nightmare for a week and woke up miserable with every morning. When I was a senior student, I passed the test of the ambulance team and became a captain. Bei ng a captain of a medical team was not easy for me because I did’t have experience to manage a team. My first problem was training my team. All captain needed to train their teams by themselves.I didn’t have much teaching experience; as a result, my team was a disaster. My team couldn’t follow my directions and always ruined our practices. In one time, we had a rescue rehearsal; my term was supposed to carry invalids to a safe place; nonetheless, they dragged those patients instead. As a result, our practice were failed. On the other hand, I understood that â€Å"Great power comes with great responsibilities. † I had power to manage my team members, but I also needed to take responsibility when they made mistakes. In a medical team, mistakes were huge issues because our mistakes ould exacerbate our patients’ conditions. One time, my team member used the wrong medication for a student. This student asked this member to treat his scalded. My member w as supposed to use a medication for burns; however, he used another instead . The wrong medication caused the scalded injury to worsen. This student’s skin color turned from red to dark purple. ; therefore, he needed to go to clinic. After that, this student’s parent complained to the school; consequently, I needed to apologize to this student’s parent and wrote a report to explain this incident.This incident was an awful experience for me. This indignant parent stood in front of me and screamed on my face. I was bashful and needed to smile to this parent. After this parent lift, I still had to explain this incident to headmaster, and it was the first time I saw incensed headmaster. Indeed, St. John Ambulance team influenced me a lot. I learned the value of life and medical skills; also, I got some medical licenses, which could be advantages for looking for a job in the future. When I saw those smiles of patients when they met with their family again, I felt the satisfaction of helping people.Also, there are many unexpected accidents everywhere. Learning these medical skills can help me to provide some cure to injured people or perhaps even my family in the future. However, the most important thing was trying and experiencing different things. During school life, most people are afraid to try new things, such as joining a unfamiliar groups, meeting some new friends, or other. I strongly recommend people to try new things because they may learn or experience useful knowledge for their futures. Aiding others is the perfect medicine and remedy for one’s soul. The greater the help the greater the dosage.

Effects of social deprivation Essay

Human development is understood only in the light of a thorough knowledge and understanding of the complete makeup of man. However, the accumulation of bases and proofs for the evidences in this understanding would not be possible without utilizing scientific methods – in their distinct capacities and limitations – that helped cement psychology’s place in the realm of scientific knowledge. Only when psychology employed scientific methods did it come to be a force to reckon with among many of the pure and applied sciences (Bootzin, 1991). The solemn responsibility of being parents to a child is grave, and the consequences are immense should they fail in any of the areas of parenthood. On the contrary, when it comes to deliberately hurting a child, or causing damage to their psyche’ as a person, the term â€Å"failure† would not be adequate or appropriate to describe its effects. Whether abusing or neglecting a small person, studies reveals that the results are almost the same: the destructive effects are colossal and prevailing for almost all of the rest of the child’s life. This paper attempts to explain the nature of social deprivation, the causes and effects as it is observed among children but more particularly in the adult years. It answers to the question what is social deprivation and what are its effects on children? To facilitate and answer the statement of the problem, several sources were used as references which include textbooks of developmental psychology and general or introduction to psychology focus. The following statements of the problem guide the direction of this study with the succeeding chapter providing the description towards these problem statements. Answers to the problems are incorporated in the analysis and discussion of the findings and results. A. Statement of the Problem 1. What is social deprivation? 2. How is social deprivation demonstrated in a child’s/adults’ life? 3. What are possible treatment solutions and/or interventions to prevent and or minimize its effects on adults? B. Methodology The researcher utilized the convenience and accessibility of the World Wide Web and/or the internet, other books and journals available to the researcher. III. Analysis and Discussion of Findings and Results of study Of all mammals, human beings are the most immature at birth, requiring the longest period of learning, development, and interaction with others before they are self-sufficient. In general, the more complex the organism’s nervous system is, the longer the time required to reach maturity (Atkinson, 1993). Sigmund Freud (1940-1961) hypothesized that each individual goes through five psychosexual stages. The psychosexual stages are five different developmental periods – oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages – during which the individual seeks pleasure from different areas of the body associated with sexual feelings. Freud emphasized that the child’s first five years are most important to social and personality development. Freud pointed out that satisfying one of the child’s needs becomes a source of potential conflict between the child, who wants immediate gratification, and the parent, who places restrictions on when, where, and how the child’s needs should be satisfied. Freud’s psychosexual stages are part of his larger psychoanalytic theory in personality. Thus according to him, a child will encounter different kinds of problems in infancy and childhood, which will shape his social and personality development (Atkinson, 1993). Social deprivation is a form of parental abuse much like parental neglect. â€Å"Deprivation as an influence on child development can occur at any level in society, but the focus of the panel was on those types of rearing imposed by poverty with its fostering of dependency, hopelessness, helplessness, and passivity† ( Spurlock, 1970). â€Å"Deprivation in the earlier stages of life, when lack of appropriate stimulation (or lack of protection from excessive stimuli) may distort or stunt the growth of brain structures, or, in psychoanalytic terms, distort the growth of the somatic and psychological† dimensions (Nagera, in Spurlock, 1970). It is defined as a disregard of the fundamental responsibilities on the part of parent, or parents, to provide for the child’s social development. When parents fail to provide an atmosphere where a child can feel loved, wanted, and sheltered within home environment, parental neglect is taking place. If the parents are constantly physically unavailable, or physically present but inattentive to the child’s legitimate needs, they are essentially abandoning their primary duty as guardians. Although not easily identified as physical assault, parental neglect is equally serious and as damaging to a child (Hay, Tom. 1997 in Rodgers, 1994, p. 14). As early as the prenatal stage, neglect can take place. If both parents fail to look at the importance of the physical and material needs of their children, even at this stage, there poses a real threat to the child in the womb. The tendency of the baby to be born with birth defects is very high and might cause retardation in physical or mental growth. The high threat that is posed to a child in the belly of a self-destructive mother cannot be underestimated. If perchance the child is successfully carried to its full term, damage has already been done by consistent substance abuse. The usual objects of abuse are children – preschoolers and infants (Hay, Tom. 1997 in Hegar et al. , 1994, pp. 170-183). It might be that because children are naturally weak, they are predisposed to maltreatments, and are often overlooked by parents when arguing which at times culminate in aggression. As is always the case, children are the ultimate victims in abusive homes. Social health factors – the fact that parents may be very young and at the adolescent stage in particular, or if the parents (or maybe one of them) are drug dependents and the children are solemn witnesses to the goings on; all are critical to the molding of the child’s mental and emotional aspects. What is more startling is that another factor, the â€Å"biological factors† emphasized the impact of trauma (not just to mention the physical one) on the changes that a child undergoes in the neurobiological level (Hanson, Rochelle F. and Eve G. Spratt. 2000). Absorbing the detailed description of the studies made mention by the author on what they call as â€Å"pruning of specific neurologic pathways† and that which specifically influence the affect or emotional bearing of the child. No wonder some children never can overcome these effects especially when they reach adulthood when stresses compound and those ‘pathways† may no longer be able to bear up the crisis that had arrived into their lives. Effects of Social deprivation A wide range of effects of social deprivation are recognized by research as possibly affecting children and their later development. As Nagera pointed out, some of the physical changes are involved in the nervous system, or in the neural level of development where brain structures are insufficiently stimulated and developed resulting to emotional, psychological and interpersonal deficits (Spurlock, 1970). In a study by dental health practitioners, a strong correlation is shown to exist between dental decay and social deprivation (â€Å"How water fluoridation reverses the impact of social deprivation†, 2007). This study confirms that social deprivation has important and significant impact upon the overall health of a child. One significant result of social deprivation is the onset of schizophrenia in adulthood. The study by Harrison and the rest of the team reveals that social deprivation which usually comes as a result of low socio-economic status (SES) or social inequality essentially implies that the possibility that a patient has developed schizophrenia could be through biologic means such as exposure to infection or toxins, or with nonbiologic mechanisms such as social stressors (Harrison et al, 2001). In a different study which focuses on offenders, there is also a correlation between social deprivation and criminality. In this study by Meek (2006), Social deprivation and rural youth crime, the findings reveal that in areas such as those that apparently lack this particular aspect of an individual’s life. The study shows that young adults are particularly vulnerable because of the high visibility and the pervading marginalization of the rural residents from service delivery, policies and research. The same study shows that cases of re-offending are therefore high considering that these concerns are perpetuated and therefore aggravate their conditions (Meek, 2006). Conclusion As cited by Dr.  Richard Gardner in the American Journal of Family Therapy (Gardner, 2002p. 6), parental abuse may take many and varied forms. Some of them are subtle and may be very difficult to identify especially when proving them in the court of law. However, parental abuse occurs when a parent treats a child in a manner that results in physical injury, emotional or psychological harm, or anything that might cause the child to be exposed to serious threats such as deprivation of necessary parental benefits which eventually results in lifelong incapacity in the life of the child (Hay, Tom. 997 in Whipple and Webster-Stratton, 1991). Social deprivation is an obvious lack on the parents and community to provide for a legitimate need of a child. The ramifications of the neglect and seemingly inadequate attention for the social development of the child are actually dire and extensive. Adequate knowledge in total child care is a requisite for any would-be parent which apparently is not always the case. Family is supposed to be a home and a place for children to grow healthy physically, emotionally, and intellectually. Neglect should never become part of parenting styles.

Analysis on “The Fall of the House of Usher”

â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† Analysis ?Symbolism is â€Å"the practice of representing things by symbols, or of investing things with a symbolic meaning or character† according to dictionary. com. This literary device is employed frequently by authors, and Edgar Allan Poe is no exception. Considered the father of American Gothic literature, Poe is best known for his poem â€Å"The Raven. † â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† is perhaps his best-known short story; it set the standard by which Gothic literature, setting and even the term itself are measured.The Title Symbolism in â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† begins with the title. At the end of the story, the house itself does indeed fall; in the beginning, however, Roderick Usher tells the narrator that once his chronically ill twin sister Madeleine dies, it â€Å"would leave him (him the hopeless and the frail) the last of the ancient race of the Ushers. † The House There is much symbolism associated with the house itself; the narrator describes the house at length in the beginning of the story.From the outside in, everything about it seems to be in a state of decline, disrepair or neglect, paralleling the steadily declining health of the occupants. Perhaps the most telling image is the upside-down reflection of the house on the lake, indicating that everything about the place is all wrong. The Painting and Poem In the middle of the story, Roderick paints a picture of the inside view of a vault. Later, he and the narrator place the supposedly dead Madeleine in an almost identical real vault. In the same passage, there is a poem or ballad called â€Å"The Haunted Palace. It describes a once-beautiful palace in a once-green setting in which â€Å"evil things, in robes of sorrow / Assailed the monarch's high estate. † The Usher mansion immediately comes to mind, while the â€Å"robes of sorrow† are reminiscent of Madeleine's burial robes. The Weather and Moon In the final scene a storm comes up, building along with the narrative; storms in literature have long been used to underscore climactic action. Finally, as the house crumbles into the lake, there is a full, blood-red moon overhead, symbolic of bloodshed and death